Who’s backing Pennsylvania’s data center buildout

172 organizations, 122 projects, 35 prominent individuals driving them and 142 solicitors advising the deciding bodies, from public records.

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Status Approved or builtIn processSpeculativeOrdinanceStopped 900 Conshohocken Road

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The data behind Follow the Money, 172 organizations and the projects they back, the ties between them, 35 prominent individuals and 142 solicitors and their recorded ties, is in the same workbook as the map. Download the workbook (Excel, 1.7 MB), free to use under CC BY 4.0 with credit.

Organizations172named as backers in public records
Projects connected122of the 134 entries on our map
Working together137organizations tied to at least one other
Webs31groups of connected organizations and projects
Largest web28 organizationsAmazon and Talen Energy + 26 more
Prominent individuals35tied to 3 or more projects, plus Brian O’Neill
Solicitors142advising the bodies deciding these projects

Every project on our map has companies behind it: developers, investors, landowners, power companies and the tech firms lined up as tenants. This page connects each organization named in the public record to the projects it’s backing, so you can see who shows up where, and how often.

The webs

Who keeps showing up together.

Each web is a group of organizations connected through shared projects, joint ventures, ownership, sales or the people who run them. Select a web’s name to light it up on the map.

28 organizations · 26 projects · 17 people

Organizations: Amazon (AWS and Amazon Data Services), Talen Energy, Constellation Energy, Blackstone (including QTS and Link Logistics), NorthPoint Development, PPL Corporation, 4-3 Glen Brook Group (with 4-3 Consulting), Brookfield Renewable, Google / Alphabet, J.G. Petrucci Co., Brewster Land Company LLC, Calpine Corporation, Capital Power, Highridge data center Propco LLC, Homer City Redevelopment, Invitium Energy, LLC, Knighthead Capital Management, LLC, LS Power, Martins Creek quarry co-owners (four investment LLCs), Microsoft Corporation, Mid-Atlantic Interstate Transmission, LLC, NP Hazleton Holdings 2 LLC, NRG Energy, Nebius, Peron Development, River Pointe Logistics, Slate Belt Holdings LLC, U.S. Department of Energy

Projects: Allentown Flex Center Data Center (J.G. Petrucci, 1024 N. Bradford Street, beside Coca-Cola Park), Amazon Innovation Campus (Falls Township), Anthony Township (Talen/AWS Rezoning), Capital Power Hummel Station Uprate, Crane Clean Energy Center (Three Mile Island Unit 1 Restart), Devil's Mountain (Kline Township, Amazon), Dorrance Township Zoning Challenge (Brewster Land), East Coventry / Constellation Rezoning, FirstEnergy $15 Billion Pennsylvania Grid Expansion, Holtwood and Safe Harbor Hydropower (Google Power Deal), Homer City Energy Campus, Limerick Nuclear Uprate, Lower Mount Bethel Tech Center, NRG, GE Vernova and Kiewit (TIC) Gas Venture, Pennsylvania Site Unconfirmed, Nebius Highridge AI Factory (Butler Township), NorthPoint Spring Mountain Data Center (Tresckow Mountain, Packer and Banks Townships), PPL $6.8 Billion Pennsylvania Grid Investment, PPL-Blackstone Gas Power Plant Venture (Invitium Energy), Project Hazelnut, Project Trainer (Link Logistics, Trainer and Lower Chichester), QTS Salem Township Data Center Campus, Salem 3 Data Center Campus (4-3 Glen Brook Group), Slate Belt Technology Campus (River Pointe Data Center), Susquehanna / Cumulus AWS Hyperscale Campus, TeraWulf Nautilus (Cumulus / Berwick), York 2 Energy Center Data Center

Prominent individuals: Matthew Garman, Sebastien Sherman, Mark "Mac" McFarland, Stephen A. Schwarzman, Joe Dominguez, Luke J. Petherbridge, Vincent Sorgi, Andrew Jassy, Dale Lebsack, Christine Martin, Nathaniel Hagedorn, Brian Stahl, Shane Smith, David Zapolsky, Jeremy Michael, Terry Nutt, Cole Muller

15 organizations · 9 projects · 7 people

Organizations: Pennsylvania Data Center Partners, PowerHouse Data Centers (American Real Estate Partners), Provident Realty Advisors (Provident Data Centers), Affinius Capital, Corscale Data Centers, Blue Owl Capital, Carlisle Development Partners, LLC, Chirisa Technology Parks, CoreWeave Inc., DigitalBridge, Highlands East landowners, IFM Investors, Machine Investment Group, New Venture Realty, Inc., Switch

Projects: CoreWeave Lancaster Data Center, Dauphin Highlands Data Center Site (Provident Realty), Granville Township Data Center Campus (Lewistown Development LLC), Monroe Township Data Center Proposal (Pennsylvania Data Center Partners and PowerHouse, Cumberland County), Pennsylvania Digital I (PAX), Project Gravity (Archbald), Project North (Archbald), Project Scott (Archbald), Switch Data Center Campus (former Pittsburgh International Race Complex)

Prominent individuals: Igal Feibush, Brian Katz, Justin Ross, Julian Hawes, Douglas Fleit, Andrew J. Giorgione, Leon Backes

16 organizations · 8 projects · 3 people

Organizations: MLP Ventures (Brian O'Neill), Aligned Data Centers, Archbald Ventures LLC, Artificial Intelligence Infrastructure Partnership (AIP), Cleveland-Cliffs, Cornell Realty Management LLC, Edged Data Centers, Frontier Group of Companies, Global Infrastructure Partners, Jeras Corporation, Legend Properties, Inc., MCD 7 LLC, MGX, Pine Line, Inc., Renaissance Boulevard co-applicants, Scannell Properties

Projects: 900 Conshohocken Road Data Center (O'Neill), Atlas Industrial / South Whitehall Data Center, Front Street Data Center Campus (West Conshohocken, O'Neill), Limerick "Project Laurel" / MCD 7 LLC, Renaissance Park & Innovation Data Center Campus (King of Prussia), Shippingport Power Station and Aligned Data Centers, Smithfield Gateway, Wildcat Ridge AI Data Center Campus

Prominent individuals: Marc Kaplin, J. Brian O'Neill, Edmund J. Campbell Jr.

9 organizations · 7 projects · 3 people

Organizations: Kriger Construction, PDC Realty, Blakely data center developers, Dickson City Development LLC, Essential Energy, Pennsylvania Glacial Till, LLC, Scranton Materials LLC, Stavola Silverbrook Land, LLC, Western Hospitality Partners

Projects: Blakely Borough Data Center (early stage), Dickson City Data Center (Dickson City Development LLC, Bell Mountain), Essential Energy Gas Power Plant (former Highway Auto salvage yard, Archbald), Pennsylvania Glacial Till Data Center Overlay (Tarheel Quarry, Caughbaugh Road, Tobyhanna Township), Project Boson (Archbald), Project Green Mountain (Stavola Quarry, Archbald), Scranton Materials Quarry Data Center (Ransom Township)

Prominent individuals: Jim Marzolino, Raymond Rinaldi, Michael Mey

3 organizations · 4 projects · 5 people

Organizations: Keel Infrastructure (formerly Bitfarms), Kovatch Enterprises, Inc., Mawson Infrastructure Group (now Big Digital Energy)

Projects: Keel Infrastructure Sharon Data Center (formerly Bitfarms), Mawson Sharon Bitcoin Mine, Panther Creek Data Center Campus (Carbon Node East, Keel Infrastructure, Nesquehoning), Scrubgrass Data Center Campus (Keel Infrastructure, formerly Stronghold/Bitfarms)

Prominent individuals: Alex Brammer, Jonathan Mir, Liam Wilson, Ben Gagnon, Edie Hofmeister

The scoreboard

Every backer, by number of projects.

Select a column to sort. “In process” covers projects that are proposed, under review or on appeal. Megawatts add up the published figures for each project, which mix data center power demand and power plant output, so read them as a sense of scale.

Organization Projects Approved or built In process Speculative Stopped Megawatts named Counties
Amazon (AWS and Amazon Data Services)Tech company or data center tenant64··26,5205
Talen EnergyPower company512·25,4203
Constellation EnergyPower company412·12,0114
Keel Infrastructure (formerly Bitfarms)Developer413··5803
Kriger ConstructionDeveloper4·3·11,9001
Blackstone (including QTS and Link Logistics)Investor or lender3111·5,1202
Elysian PartnersDeveloper3·11··1
MLP Ventures (Brian O'Neill)Developer3·3···1
NorthPoint DevelopmentDeveloper311·11,0003
Pennsylvania Data Center PartnersDeveloper3111·1,8002
PowerHouse Data Centers (American Real Estate Partners)Developer3111·1,8002
PPL CorporationPower company312··6,2001
Provident Realty Advisors (Provident Data Centers)Developer3·3··2252
4-3 Glen Brook Group (with 4-3 Consulting)Developer211··4,0001
Affinius CapitalInvestor or lender2·2··4752
Brookfield RenewablePower company22···6702
Corscale Data CentersDeveloper2·2··4752
Fezzik EnergyDeveloper2··2··1
Fit Energy and Fit VenturesDeveloper2·2···2
Google / AlphabetTech company or data center tenant211··1,0183
Green Fig Land LLCDeveloper21··12901
J.G. Petrucci Co.Developer2·2··1,3002
PDC RealtyDeveloper2·2··4001
Prime Data CentersDeveloper2·2··4501
Quantm Group LLCDeveloper211··1,5802
Sansone Group (Ercor)Developer2·1···1
Viridian PartnersDeveloper2·2···2
1778 Rich Pike LLCDeveloper1·1··1,5001
Air Products & Chemicals Inc.Owner or investor1···1·1
AJ Sherwood CapitalInvestor or lender1·1··6001
Aligned Data CentersDeveloper11···3,6001
Alpha ComputeDeveloper1·1··2001
ALTIAN Development LLCLandowner1·1··4501
Apex Treasury Corp.Investor or lender11···3,0001
Archbald Ventures LLCLandowner1···11,6001
Argo Infrastructure PartnersInvestor or lender1·1··1001
Artificial Intelligence Infrastructure Partnership (AIP)Investor or lender11···3,6001
BET Lehigh Real EstateLandowner1·····1
Blakely data center developersDeveloper1···11,5001
Bloxton Investment GroupOwner or investor1··1·131
Blue Creek InvestmentsDeveloper1·1···1
Blue Owl CapitalInvestor or lender11···3001
Boyle ConstructionDeveloper1·1··1201
Bradford County Real Estate PartnersLandowner1·1··2181
Breaker Street Associates LLCDeveloper1·1···1
Brewster Land Company LLCDeveloper1···1·1
Briarwood Golf ClubLandowner1·1···1
Buena Vista SolarLandowner1·1··1,0001
Calpine CorporationPower company1·1··8281
Capital PowerPower company11···1,1241
Carlisle Development Partners, LLCDeveloper11···1,8001
Carnegie Mellon UniversityUniversity or research center1··1···
Castleton Commodities International LLCEnergy company1·1···1
CB Tech Partners, LLCDeveloper1··1··1
Chirisa Technology ParksDeveloper11···3001
Cleveland-CliffsLandowner1·1···1
CNX Resources CorporationEnergy company1·1···1
Core Natural ResourcesEnergy company1·1··9441
CoreWeave Inc.Tech company or data center tenant11···3001
Cornell Realty Management LLCDeveloper1···11,6001
Data Realty Holding Corp.Owner or investor1·1····
Davidson Kempner Capital ManagementInvestor or lender11···2401
DBT-Data Lackawanna One LLCDeveloper1·1···1
Dickson City Development LLCDeveloper1·1···1
DigitalBridgeInvestor or lender1·1···1
Drexel + Lehigh + Temple + PennUniversity or research center1··1···
DT Allen Contracting (DTA Alliance)Owner or investor1·1···1
Eastern Land & Resources Co. (MFS, Inc.)Landowner1···1·1
Edged Data CentersDeveloper1·1··7251
EnbridgeEnergy company11·····
Envision Land Use GroupDeveloper1···1·1
EquinorEnergy company1·1····
Essential EnergyPower company1·1··4001
Forest City Energy Center LLCDeveloper1·1···1
Frontier Group of CompaniesDeveloper11···3,6001
GE Vernova Inc.Equipment maker11····1
Generate CapitalInvestor or lender1·1··4501
Global Infrastructure PartnersInvestor or lender11···3,6001
Gouldsboro Land LLCOwner or investor1·1··1,5001
Government of JapanGovernment funder1·1··4,3001
GridSwitch Asset Management Services LLCDeveloper1·1··6001
Hanover Development L.P.Developer1···1·1
Heights AdvisorsInvestor or lender1·1···1
Hendricks Group Developers LLCDeveloper1·1··1,0001
Highlands East landownersLandowner1·1···1
Highridge data center Propco LLCOwner or investor1·1··1,2001
Hitachi EnergyEquipment maker11····1
Homer City RedevelopmentPower company11···4,4001
IFM InvestorsInvestor or lender1·1···1
Inch & Co.Developer1···1·1
International Electric PowerPower company1·1··9441
Invenergy AMPCI Thermal Power LLCOwner or investor1·1····
Invitium Energy, LLCPower company1·1··5,000·
Jeras CorporationLandowner1·1··7251
Knighthead Capital Management, LLCInvestor or lender11···4,4001
Kovatch Enterprises, Inc.Landowner1·1··3501
KRNL Data CentersDeveloper1·1···1
KSR (as listed by DEP)Developer1··1··1
LBT Investment Group LLCDeveloper1·1···1
Legacy PartnersInvestor or lender1·1···1
Legend Properties, Inc.Developer1·1···1
Limerick Town Center LLCDeveloper1·1··5071
Linde CorporationDeveloper1·1···1
LS PowerPower company1·1··8281
Machine Investment GroupInvestor or lender11···3001
Martins Creek quarry co-owners (four investment LLCs)Landowner1·1··1,2001
Mawson Infrastructure Group (now Big Digital Energy)Developer1·1··1201
MCD 7 LLCDeveloper1·1··7501
Mele Brothers RealtyDeveloper1·1···1
MGXInvestor or lender11···3,6001
Microsoft CorporationTech company or data center tenant11···8351
Mid-Atlantic Interstate Transmission, LLCPower company11·····
Mudiita GroupDeveloper1··1·7501
National Land DevelopersDeveloper1·1···1
NebiusTech company or data center tenant1·1··1,2001
Nebula Data CentersDeveloper1··1·131
New Fortress EnergyEnergy company1·1··2181
New Venture Realty, Inc.Landowner1·1···1
Newport Aggregate Inc.Landowner1·1···1
NextEra EnergyPower company1·1··4,3001
Nichol Avenue McKees Rocks LLCLandowner1··1··1
NP Hazleton Holdings 2 LLCLandowner1·1···1
NRG EnergyPower company1··1·5,400·
One Trinity Real Estate InvestmentsDeveloper1···1·1
Outrigger Industrial Acquisitions, LLCDeveloper11····1
PaxosDeveloper1·1··1201
Penn Hurst Holdings DE LLCDeveloper1·1···1
Penn State UniversityUniversity or research center1··1···
PennMark Management CompanyOwner or investor1···1·1
Pennsy SupplyLandowner1···1·1
Pennsylvania Glacial Till, LLCLandowner1·1···1
Pennsylvania Redevelopment Assistance Capital ProgramGovernment funder11···3,0001
Peron DevelopmentDeveloper1·1··1,2001
Pine Line, Inc.Landowner1···11,6001
Pittsburgh Supercomputing CenterDeveloper1··1···
PNK GroupDeveloper1·1··3001
Pocono Manor Investors, LPLandowner1·1···1
Popca LLCDeveloper1·1···1
PrologisDeveloper11···3001
Renaissance Boulevard co-applicantsLandowner1·1···1
River Pointe LogisticsDeveloper1·1··2,1001
Roaring Spring Park LLCLandowner1·1···1
Scannell PropertiesDeveloper1·1··7251
Scranton Materials LLCOwner or investor1·1···1
Sentinel Data CentersDeveloper11···2901
Shell Energy North America (US), L.P.Developer1·1···1
Sippel Development Co.Developer1·1···1
Slate Belt Holdings LLCDeveloper1·1··2,1001
Stavola Silverbrook Land, LLCLandowner1·1···1
SunCap Property GroupDeveloper1··1··1
Sunnyside Road Associates LLCDeveloper1·1···1
SwitchDeveloper1·1···1
Team Pennsylvania FoundationNonprofit or public partner1··1···
TECfusionsDeveloper11···3,0001
TenaskaPower company11···9401
TensorIQDeveloper1·1··1201
TensorWaveTech company or data center tenant11···3,0001
Terawatt Data Centers (TerraWatt LLC)Developer1·1···1
The Hanover CompanyDeveloper1···1·1
The Liberty GroupDeveloper1·1···1
TierPoint, LLCDeveloper1·1··1001
TriEnergy Inc.Developer1·1···1
U.S. Department of CommerceGovernment funder1·1··4,3001
U.S. Department of EnergyGovernment funder11···8351
UGI Energy Services, LLCEnergy company1·1····
University of Pittsburgh + PSCUniversity or research center1··1···
Valley View WoodDeveloper1·1···1
Virtual ConsonanceDeveloper1·1···1
Vistra Corp.Power company1··1··1
Western Hospitality PartnersDeveloper1·1···1
Whiteland Holdings LPLandowner11···2901
Zeager Bros. Inc.Landowner1·1···1

Gaps in the record

Projects with no backer named yet

For these 3 entries, the public records we’ve found don’t name a developer, owner or investor we can confirm. If you know who’s behind one, use the form below.

How we built this

We start from the organizations our project profiles name as developer, owner, partner, joint venture partner, landowner, tenant, financier or power buyer. Single-purpose LLCs are grouped under the parent company when public records tie them together, so the LLC named on a zoning application and the company behind it are counted once. Each organization’s profile lists the entity names that appear in the filings.

The solicitor layer sits just above the map. It shows the lawyers who advise the township, borough, city and county bodies deciding each project: municipal solicitors, zoning hearing board and planning commission solicitors, and special counsel hired for a data center matter. A thin line runs from each one down to the projects they advise on. A dotted line up to an organization marks a tie on the public record, such as the solicitor's firm representing that developer elsewhere, the same lawyer representing it on another project, or a disclosure made at a meeting. Those are facts from public records and none is a finding of a conflict of interest. Appointments rest on reorganization minutes, meeting minutes, hearing notices and news reports, and each one carries its source in the open data.

The middle layer of the 3D view shows prominent individual drivers of hyperscale data center projects: J. Brian O’Neill of MLP Ventures, the developer behind 900 Conshohocken Road, plus anyone public records tie to three or more projects on our map, counting the projects they’ve worked on for the organizations they lead or represent. They’re executives, principals, company representatives and the attorneys who represent the companies in front of townships and courts. We don’t include private individuals.

We leave out local governments acting as hosts or regulators, utilities acting only as the utility, engineering and law firms, brokers, people who sold land, and private individuals and family landholdings. Status counts use the same categories as our PA data center map.

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Corrections and additions

Are you with one of these organizations?

If something here is wrong, out of date or missing, tell us. We read every submission, check it against the public record or the documents you send, and update the page when it’s supported. You can also send context you’d like considered, such as a change in ownership, a project you’ve left, or your organization’s response.

Submissions go privately to our volunteer team. If we change a page because of one, we note it on that page. Questions can also go to noconshydatacenters@proton.me.

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